Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Forestales Vol. 16 (90)

Julio - Agosto (2025)

Fecha de recepción/Reception date: 4 de enero de 2025.

Fecha de aceptación/Acceptance date: 17 de junio de 2025.

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¹Escuela Profesional de Ingeniería Forestal y Ambiental, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Tayacaja Daniel Hernández Morillo. Perú.

²Escuela Académico Profesional de Ingeniería Civil, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Continental. Perú.

³Escuela Académico Profesional de Psicología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Continental. Perú.

*Autor para correspondencia; correo-e: jairo.gutierrez@unat.edu.pe

*Corresponding author; e-mail: jairo.gutierrez@unat.edu.pe

Abstract

Urban trees are an important resource for the ecosystem services they provide. The objective of this study was to determine the structure, composition, richness, and diversity of urban trees and shrubs in the city of Pampas, Huancavelica, Peru. Trees and shrubs in two avenues, four jirones (green verges), the main square, and an ecological park were evaluated, and their normal diameter at a height of 1.30 m from the ground, crown diameter, and total height were measured. Abundance, dominance, frequency, area, and volume (Importance Value Index) were determined. Likewise, the Shannon diversity Index, the Margalef Index, and the number of key species were calculated. Thirteen species, distributed in 12 genera and 10 families, were recorded. 69 % accounted for introduced taxa, and 31 % for native taxa. The family with the most significant presence was Rosaceae, with three species. The analyses of diameter and height classes showed a higher proportion of individuals with high diameters (>5 cm and <40 cm) and intermediate heights (h>1 m and <7m). The urban areas reported low to moderate species richness and diversity. In conclusion, the need for improved management of urban trees and shrubs in the city of Pampas is highlighted. The use of species native to the region should be prioritized, and attention should be given to risk factors affecting the public infrastructure.

Keywords: Floristic composition, urban dasonomy, diversity, risk factors, public infrastructure, urban areas.

Resumen

El arbolado urbano es un recurso importante por los servicios ecosistémicos que aporta. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue conocer la estructura, composición, riqueza y diversidad de especies del arbolado y arbustos urbanos de la ciudad de Pampas, Huancavelica, Perú. Se evaluaron árboles y arbustos de dos alamedas, cuatro jirones (áreas verdes de alineación), la plaza principal y un parque ecológico, en donde se midieron el diámetro normal a 1.30 m de altura desde el suelo, el diámetro de copa y la altura total. Se determinó la abundancia, dominancia, frecuencia, área y volumen (Índice de Valor de Importancia). Asimismo, se calculó el Índice de diversidad de Shannon, el Índice de Margalef y la cantidad de especies clave. Se registraron 13 especies, distribuidas en 12 géneros y 10 familias. Los taxones introducidos representaron 69 % y 31 % fueron nativas. La familia con mayor presencia fue Rosaceae con tres especies. Los análisis de clases diamétricas y de alturas evidenciaron una proporción mayor de individuos con diámetros altos (>5 cm y <40 cm) y alturas intermedias (h>1 m y <7 m). En las áreas urbanas se obtuvieron datos bajos-intermedios de riqueza y diversidad de especies. En conclusión, se destaca la necesidad de gestionar mejor el arbolado y arbustos urbanos de la ciudad de Pampas, se debe priorizar el uso de especies nativas de la región y prestar atención a los factores de riesgos a la infraestructura pública.

Palabras clave: Composición florística, dasonomía urbana, diversidad, factores de riesgos, infraestructura pública, zonas urbanas.

Introduction

Cities play a crucial role in the advancement of society (Pashaei & An, 2024); thus, urbanization becomes a challenge for urban policymakers. It is advisable to plant trees and shrubs in green areas to promote benefits to people by improving their mental and physical health (Sharma et al., 2024). Thus, a better quality of life is generated by the ecosystem services that tree diversity provides, such as scenic beauty, improved air quality, and climate change mitigation (Ettinger et al., 2024; Kwon et al., 2021; Locosselli & Buckeridge, 2023; Sharma et al., 2024).

Several cities lack adequate management of the urban green areas, generating damages and risks for society (Koeser & Smiley, 2017; Koeser et al., 2016) ―the product of structural instability, the inadequate height of the planted individuals, and their incorrect location in relation to physical assets (Matheny & Clark, 1993).

However, a large percentage of people still mistakenly believe that urban trees, regardless of their location, age, and health status, should remain intact for the goods and services they provide them (Saavedra-Romero et al., 2019); mainly because their cover effectively mitigates the consequences of heat island or urban heat stress (Li et al., 2024; Yang et al., 2024).

In Peru, there are no specific studies that comprehensively consider the potential of vegetation in urban areas. Despite not having very large areas with urban vegetation, there are green areas in the cities; for example, in Pampas, Huancavelica, there are two avenues, the main square, and an ecological park. For this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate the structure, composition, richness, and diversity of its urban trees and shrubs, as well as the green verges of four streets.

Materials and Methods

Study area

The work was carried out in the Pampas district, Tayacaja, Huancavelica, located in the South-Central part of Peru (12°23′58.34” S and 74°52′07.69” W, Figure 1), at an altitude of 3 261 masl. The district is predominantly cold, with rainfall from October to March. The average annual temperature ranges between 13 and 22 °C, with an average rainfall of 512 mm (Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú [Senamhi], 2022).

A = Map of Peru highlighting Huancavelica; B = Map of Huancavelica highlighting Pampas; C = Location of green areas in the city of Pampas.

Figure 1. Study area in the city of Pampas, Huancavelica, Peru.

A total of eight green urban areas were identified in the city of Pampas (Table 1), in which a census of all trees and shrubs was carried out.

Table 1. Urban green areas evaluated in Pampas, Huancavelica, Peru.

Trees and shrubs with normal diameters greater than or equal to 5 cm were considered in the evaluation (Dangulla et al., 2020; Saavedra-Romero et al., 2019). The total height (h) was measured using a model PM-5/360PC Suunto^® clinometer, the normal diameter with a model 283D/5m Forestry Suppliers Inc.^® diameter tape, and the crown radius with a Major^® 30 m tape measure with handle; in addition, the tree density was determined.

Species were identified by common and scientific names (Martínez-Trinidad et al. 2021; Sikuzani et al., 2019). Finally, the scientific name was corroborated through The WFO Plant List system (World Flora Online [WFO], 2025).

Structure and composition

Table 2 shows the equations to calculate the absolute and proportional abundance of each taxon according to the number of individuals recorded; the absolute and proportional dominance of each species according to the basal area of the individuals; the absolute and proportional frequency, according to the presence in the eight green urban areas; the crown area, the most active area that assimilates the light radiation, which included the lateral area of the crown and the area of the crown reflection was eliminated (Rodríguez-Laguna et al., 2009); for crown volume, we considered the shape of the crowns (elliptical, conical or cylindrical), which serve as a reference for the production of living matter and ecosystem functions, such as air pollution reduction and carbon sequestration (Fernández-Sarría et al., 2013; Hecht et al., 2008; Korhonen et al., 2013; McPherson & Rowntree, 1988; Meng et al., 2007; Mõttus et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2021). The contextualized variables were used to obtain the Importance Value Index (percentage ranging from 0 to 100; IVI); the importance of each species was ranked based on abundance, frequency, dominance, area and crown volume (Saavedra-Romero et al., 2019).

Table 2. Equations used to calculate the structure and composition of vegetation in urban areas of the city of Pampas, Huancavelica, Peru.

Richness and diversity of species

Table 3 presents the equations for calculating species richness and diversity using the Shannon diversity Index, the Margalef Index, and the number of keystone species (Cultid-Medina & Escobar, 2019; Jost, 2006; Leal Elizondo et al., 2018).

Table 3. Equations used to calculate vegetation richness and diversity in urban areas of the city of Pampas, Huancavelica, Peru.

Three types of urban green areas (verge, sports area, and park) were compared in relation to three variables: the diversity and richness indices. For this purpose, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied and, subsequently, a post hoc test was performed using Tukey's method to identify any significant differences between groups.

Results

The total evaluated area of green urban areas was 30 537 m², where 322 individuals were recorded, with a tree density of 105 individuals ha^-1. The most diverse families are shown in Table 4, with three species of Rosaceae and two species of Oleaceae. 13 species were identified, distributed in 12 genera and 10 families; 46 % presented a shrubby growth habit, while 54 % were of arboreal habit. Total absolute dominance was 11.32 m², with a total crown area of 8 813.8 m² and a total crown volume of 97 341.4 m³ (Table 4).

Table 4. Structure and composition of vegetation in urban green areas in the city of Pampas, Huancavelica, Peru.

Pa = Proportional abundance; Pd = Proportional dominance; Pf = Proportional frequency; PCA = Proportional crown area; PCV = Proportional crown volume; IVI = Importance Value Index.

Ligustrum lucidum W. T. Aiton had the highest relative abundance (37.9 %); Populus nigra L. had the highest relative dominance (65.1 %), relative crown area (46.0 %), and relative crown volume (79.3 %); and Sambucus nigra L. had the highest relative frequency (24 %). In terms of the Importance Value Index (IVI), the first place was occupied by P. nigra (45 %), followed by L. lucidum (14.2 %) and S. nigra (12.8 %) (Table 4).

Table 5 shows the origin of the inventoried species, among which the introduced taxa stand out (9), compared to the native taxa (4). The species with the highest number of individuals was L. lucidum (122); P. nigra had the largest mean diameter(31.7 cm) and the largest basal area (0.101 m²); and Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham. had the greatest average height (11.5 m). The largest number of species (6) and individuals (205) were recorded in the ecological park.

Table 5. Urban vegetation and mean dasometric variables by species in the city of Pampas, Huancavelica, Peru.

The diameter class graph shows a logarithmic trend (Figure 2), where the number of individuals decreases as the diameter increases (Figure 2). We observed 307 individuals with normal diameters of less than 40 cm. Given that the diameter indicates the stage of development of trees and urban shrubs, most of them are likely to be young specimens.

Figure 2. Number of individuals according to diameter (cm).

The distribution of the bars in the height class graph (Figure 3) did not show a tendency; there were a large number of individuals in the 4-6.9 m category and a small number in the rest of the categories. There was a deceleration in the growth of the evaluated individuals, which reflects a non-constant growth rate. There were 248 individuals with heights of less than 7 m.

Figure 3. Number of individuals by total height (m).

The eight urban green zones showed diverse areas and functions; however, the diversity was similar (P>0.05) among the evaluated zones, which were classified as verge (two avenues), sports area (four streets with facilities for various sports or physical activities) and park (ecological park and main square with fountains and monuments) (Figure 4). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in richness and diversity between the different types of urban green areas (Table 6). The park type stood out as the one with the highest richness and diversity (H′=1.39, D_Mg=1.21), unlike the sports area type, which exhibited the lowest values (H′=0.54, D_Mg=0.56).

H′ = Shannon-Wiener Index; D_Mg = Margalef Index; ¹D = Number of key species.

Figure 4. Richness and diversity indices evaluated in eight green urban areas of the city of Pampas, Huancavelica, Peru.

Table 6. Richness and diversity indices estimated by type of urban green area in the city of Pampas, Huancavelica, Peru.

Equal letters do not indicate significant differences (P>0.05). ± = Standard error.

Discussion

The density of individuals was 105 ha^-1, which is lower than that determined in the Chapultepec Forest in Mexico City, where the density of individuals is 295 ha^-1 (Benavides Meza & Fernández Grandizo, 2012), and in the city of Montemorelos, Mexico, where it is 195 ha^-1 (Canizales Velázquez et al., 2020). Values indicate a non-uniform distribution of urban trees and shrubs in the inventoried sites. Areas with higher densities may be associated with microclimate conditions that influence plant survival, as well as with anthropogenic intervention factors that can cause disturbances, water supply issues, and poor soil quality, among others.

13 species were recorded in the city of Pampas within a surface area of 30 537 m², estimating 4.3 species per ha^-1, which is higher than the value estimated for the city of Montemorelos, Mexico (2.8 species ha^-1) (Canizales Velázquez et al., 2020), for the city of Linares, Mexico (1.5 species ha^-1) (Leal Elizondo et al., 2018), and for the city of Sancti Spíritus, Cuba (2.3 species ha^-1) (Delgado Fernández et al., 2021).

In the city of Pampas there is a low to medium diversity of species; however, 91 % of the total number of inventoried individuals belong to six species, a characteristic that makes them susceptible to diseases and pest attacks (Velasco Bautista et al., 2013). Likewise, the predominance of exotic species was recorded, possibly because they are less aesthetically attractive and due to the scarcity of native plants in nurseries (Hardberger et al., 2025). This agrees with reports from other urban areas such as Mexico (Monterrey Metropolitan Area, Montemorelos and three parks in Mexico City) and Cuba (Sancti Spíritus), where introduced species showed predominance, with 53, 54, 61, and 50.84 %, respectively (Alanís Flores, 2005; Canizales Velázquez et al., 2020; Delgado Fernández et al., 2021; Martínez-Trinidad et al., 2021). This pattern of reporting a larger number of introduced species occurs worldwide because nurseries are dedicated to producing small numbers of native ornamental plants (Pagès i Clavaguera, 2005).

Populus nigra reported the highest Importance Value Index (48.58 %) in urban areas. Some locations in Mexico report Fraxinus uhdei (Wenz.) Lingelsh. as the most important introduced species in urban green areas (Alanís et al., 2014; Canizales Velázquez et al., 2020; Leal Elizondo et al., 2018; Rocha Estrada et al., 1998). P. nigra is well-adapted to the specific conditions of the city of Pampas, demonstrating its capacity to thrive in the local environment.

The diameter classes chart confirms that most of the urban trees and shrubs in the city of Pampas are juvenile, agreeing with the data reported in four parks in Mexico City (Martínez-Trinidad et al., 2021), which can be associated with planting activities in cities in recent years (Alanís Flores, 2005); however, in many cities, vegetation and green areas have been lost (Shirazi & Kazmi, 2016).

The height classes ranged from 0 to 2.99 m, which could be attributed to their age (Alanís Flores, 2005). It is essential to observe the development of individuals, since growth in height increases the demand for resources for tasks such as pruning. In this sense, Skovsgaard et al. (2018) developed a work efficiency model for pruning, especially high pruning, demonstrating that the time required increases with pruning height, the number of branches, and the thickness of the largest branch.

The Margalef Index (D_Mg=1.76) indicates moderate species richness, suggesting that the city of Pampas, despite having a reasonable number of species, has some represented by few individuals, while others dominate with a larger number of specimens. This value is lower than that recorded by Leal Elizondo et al. (2018), who estimated an index of 5.24 in the city of Linares, Mexico, but higher than the 1.19 reported by Canizales Velázquez et al. (2020) for the city of Montemorelos, Mexico.

The Shannon Index (H′=1.64) corresponds to a moderate species diversity, which is why the city of Pampas exhibits an uneven distribution of individuals among species. This value meets the minimum criterion for urban areas, H′=1.50; it is higher than the 1.17 cited for Montemorelos, Mexico (Canizales Velázquez et al., 2020), but lower than the 1.99 registered in Linares, Mexico (Leal Elizondo et al., 2018), and in the green areas of Texcoco, Mexico (Martínez-Trinidad et al., 2021).

Conclusions

In the green areas of the city of Pampas, the families with the highest number of taxa were Rosaceae and Oleaceae. The best-represented species are Ligustrum lucidum and Populus nigra; introduced taxa and individuals are predominant. Urban trees and shrubs are relatively young (diameters <40 cm and heights <7 m), with moderate richness and diversity, and an uneven distribution of individuals per species. In addition, they exhibit management and planning issues.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Dr. Julio Miguel Angeles Suazo for his assistance in lending equipment for the development of this research.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Contribution by author

Jairo Edson Gutiérrez-Collao: drafting of the manuscript and statistical analysis; Pabel Mariano Meza Mitma: interpretation of results; Karen Deysi Ramos Huaman: data analysis; Liz Roxana Ospina Castro: review of the manuscript; Sheyla Zarain Pariona Duran: statistical analysis; Jakelin Janeth Chancha Inga: data analysis and manuscript review; Christian Edinson Murga-Tirado: statistical analysis; Anais Gabriela Vasquez Salazar: data analysis.

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