Potencial del uso de bioestimulantes en el manejo del arbolado urbano
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29298/rmcf.v16i91.1575Palabras clave:
arboricultura, estrés, micorrizas, paclobutrazol, vitalidad, dasonomia urbanaResumen
Los bioestimulantes son sustancias que, sin ser nutrientes, pesticidas o mejoradores del suelo, promueven el crecimiento de las plantas cuando se aplican en pequeñas cantidades. Se agrupan en cuatro categorías: ácidos, microorganismos, compuestos bioactivos de origen vegetal y otros. Su aplicación en arbolado urbano busca mejorar la vitalidad y resistencia ante condiciones de estrés. Entre los bioestimulantes empleados destacan extractos de algas marinas, ácidos húmicos, carbohidratos no estructurales, paclobutrazol y microorganismos benéficos. Estos han mostrado eficacia frente al estrés por sequía, salinidad o hídrico, además de fortalecer el sistema inmunitario de los árboles. Productos comerciales a base de ácidos húmicos han mejorado la supervivencia, el vigor de raíces y brotes, y la vitalidad general, evidenciado por resultados en el aumento en la fluorescencia de clorofila. Por otro lado, la aplicación de almidón y glucosa eleva los niveles de almidón en el tronco, lo cual es deseable ya que su reducción se asocia con la muerte en condiciones de estrés severo. Entre los bioestimulantes, los hongos micorrízicos han sido los más estudiados en el arbolado urbano, ya que proporcionan beneficios consistentes en variables de crecimiento y adaptación, incluso a nivel molecular. Finalmente, aunque gran parte del conocimiento sobre bioestimulantes proviene de la agricultura, su potencial en arboricultura es alto. Este trabajo presenta una revisión sobre su uso en condiciones de campo y ambientes semicontrolados; así como, las limitaciones que enfrenta su aplicación en el manejo del arbolado urbano.
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